Germanium disulfide or germanium iv sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula ge s 2. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Methods of film deposition using metals and metal oxides. Webelements periodic table germanium germanium diiodide. Im working on a phd, essentially focusing on fabricating and utilizing germanium diodes. It has long been a hot topic for researchers to fabricate the siliconbased monolithic integrated chip that is compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor cmos technology. The development of the germanium transistor opened the door to. Impacts of doping on epitaxial germanium thin film. My group works on germanium diodes for photonic applications. The effect of germanium substitution on xray density d x is depicted in table 1. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol ge and atomic number 32. Germane is the chemical compound with the formula ge h 4, and the germanium analogue of methane. Germanium containing dietary supplements became popular in the 1970s in japan and later in other countries, as elixirs for certain diseases e.
It is the simplest germanium hydride and one of the most useful compounds of germanium. In these solids the atoms are linked to each other by covalent bonds rather than by electrostatic forces or by delocalized valence electrons that work in metals almost like a glue. As a group iv material, germanium has a direct gap of 0. It is used as a substrate for lenses, windows, and output couplers for lowpower cw as well as pulsed tea, co2 lasers. Germaniumiv fluoride germanium tetrafluoride is a water insoluble germanium source for use in oxygensensitive applications, such as metal production. It is used as an intermediate in the production of purified germanium dioxide and germanium metal, but. Like most semiconductors, germanium can have impurities added to make it an electron donor a socalled ntype material or an electron acceptor, called ptype.
Germaniumiv phosphate ge3po44 molar mass, molecular weight. In its elemental form, germanium is a brittle grayish white semimetallic element. Of these, 76 ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a halflife of 1. Use the octet rule to predict the formula of the compound that would form between germanium and hydrogen, if the molecule contains only one germanium atom and only single bonds are formed. Use the octet rule to predict the formula of the compound.
In addition, it is important to note that germanium is a semiconductor, with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. Germane is the chemical compound with the formula geh4, and the similar images. We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the hmdb. Germanium element information, properties and uses. In compounds of germanium where known, the most common oxidation numbers of germanium are. Find an answer to your question write a formula of chlorides of ekasilicon, ekaaluminium, the elements predicted by mendeleev. Germanium to which 1024 m3 ga atoms have been added is an. The most classic example of covalent crystal is the diamond that belongs to the fcc cubic crystal system. This can be ascribed to both the lattice parameter and molecular weight of lige spinel ferrite decrease with germanium. B doped ge films have threading dislocations above 1 108 cm. Silicon and germanium are examples of covalent crystals.
Essentially all data transmission that occurs over long. Hydrogen has 1 electron in its outer most shell and it needs only 1 electron to attain stability so, each germanium will combine with 4 hydrogen atoms and thus forming molecule which is stable in nature. Germanium is too reactive to be found naturally on earth in its native state. The chart below shows the calculated isotope pattern for the formula gecl 4 with the most intense ion set to 100%. It is commonly used as a semiconductor material in integrated circuits ics for heterojunction bipolar transistors or as a straininducing layer for cmos transistors. Germanium 32 ge has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70 ge, 72 ge, 73 ge, 74 ge, and 76 ge. We supplies germanium powder, organic germanium powder, germanium, organic germanium, germanium sesquioxide, ge2, ge2. References the data on these compounds pages are assembled and adapted from the primary literature and several other sources including the following. Germanium is mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing. Write a formula of chlorides of ekasilicon, ekaaluminium. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. The name is derived from the latin name for germany, germania. I am having problems for doping germanium with phosphorus spin on dopants.
Like the related compounds silane and methane, germane is tetrahedral. In order to enable high quality lens designs using silicon and germanium at cryogenic temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of multiple prisms of these two materials using the cryogenic, highaccuracy refraction measuring system charms at nasa goddard space flight center, as a function of both wavelength and temperature. The main sources of ge are sulfides ores of zn, pb, and cu, coal deposits, as well as. Germanium 73 atom is the stable isotope of germanium with relative atomic mass 72. Germanium tetrachloride gecl4 is a colorless liquid. Optimization of heteroepitaxial growth for the threading. However, at least 31 reported human cases linked prolonged intake of germanium products. Jp2010540396a jp2010527474a jp2010527474a jp2010540396a jp 2010540396 a jp2010540396 a jp 2010540396a jp 2010527474 a jp2010527474 a jp 2010527474a jp 2010527474 a jp2010527474 a jp 2010527474a jp 2010540396 a jp2010540396 a jp 2010540396a authority jp japan prior art keywords selected group consisting lithium germanium.
Some people believe germanium can help treat a variety of conditions, but research casts doubt on these claims. List of chemical compound and their formula for ssc, engineering, aipmt, cpmt, mbbs, iit, cbse class 11th, 12th, bsc, msc etc. Germanium hydrides with other additional noncarbon ligands, such as. The term hydride is used to indicate compounds of the type m x h y and not necessarily to indicate that any compounds listed behave as hydrides chemically. Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide, germania, and salt of germanium, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula geo 2. A thin film of germanium oxide and an oxide of a non germanium metal is deposited by ald by alternating deposition of first and second precursor compounds, wherein the first precursor compound includes a metal other than germanium, and the second precursor compound includes germanium. The development of the germanium transistor opened the. Temperature dependent refractive index of silicon and. The present invention relates generally to a method and means for growing strained or relaxed or graded silicon germanium sige layers on a semiconductor substrate using a selective epitaxial growth process. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium. The compound is a 3dimensional polymer, in contrast to silicon disulfide, which is a onedimensional polymer. Germanium ge is a widely used semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of 0. List of germanium compounds, common compounds of germanium ge, formula, molecular weight. By marrying p and n type strips of germanium, the element provided the same diode effect.
However, at least 31 reported human cases linked prolonged intake of germanium products with renal failure and even death. Hence, is the formula of the hydride formed by germanium. As a semiconductor, germanium allowed the production of a solid state equivalent to the diode. It is a lustrous, hardbrittle, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbours silicon and tin. Germanium 72 ge cid 44152739 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety. Organic germanium enriches the bodys oxygen supply and is also a potent antioxidant, properties which contribute to this trace elements widespread beneficial effects upon many interrelated metabolic process in the body 63,64. Elastic properties of germanium substituted lithium ferrite. All pricing is subject to confirmation at the time the order is placed. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors.
Fluoride compounds have diverse applications in current technologies and science, from oil refining and etching to synthetic organic chemistry and the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. We can offer many items in bulk or custom packaging. Germanium was first discovered by clemens winkler in 1886. Germanium ge germanium ge germanium is a versatile infrared material commonly used in imaging systems and instruments in the 2 to 12 microns spectral region. Germanium to which 1024 m3 ga atoms have been added is an extrinsic semiconductor at room temperature, and virtually all the ga atoms may be thought of as being ionized i. Pdf advances in effect of germanium or germanium compounds.
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